root/trunk/pdns/pdns/pdns_recursor.cc @ 934

/*
    PowerDNS Versatile Database Driven Nameserver
    Copyright (C) 2003 - 2006  PowerDNS.COM BV

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 
    as published by the Free Software Foundation

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
    Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301  USA
*/

#ifndef WIN32
# include <netdb.h>
# include <unistd.h>
#else 
 #include "ntservice.hh"
 #include "recursorservice.hh"
#endif // WIN32

#include "utility.hh" 
#include <iostream>
#include <errno.h>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include "recursor_cache.hh"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include "mtasker.hh"
#include <utility>
#include "arguments.hh"
#include "syncres.hh"
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <fstream>
#include "sstuff.hh"
#include <boost/tuple/tuple.hpp>
#include <boost/tuple/tuple_comparison.hpp>
#include <boost/shared_array.hpp>
#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
#include <boost/function.hpp>
#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
#include "dnsparser.hh"
#include "dnswriter.hh"
#include "dnsrecords.hh"
#include "zoneparser-tng.hh"
#include "rec_channel.hh"
#include "logger.hh"
#include "iputils.hh"
#include "mplexer.hh"
#include "config.h"

#ifndef RECURSOR
#include "statbag.hh"
StatBag S;
#endif

FDMultiplexer* g_fdm;
unsigned int g_maxTCPPerClient;
bool g_logCommonErrors;
using namespace boost;

#ifdef __FreeBSD__           // see cvstrac ticket #26
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
#endif

MemRecursorCache RC;
RecursorStats g_stats;
bool g_quiet;
NetmaskGroup* g_allowFrom;
NetmaskGroup* g_dontQuery;
string s_programname="pdns_recursor";
typedef vector<int> g_tcpListenSockets_t;
g_tcpListenSockets_t g_tcpListenSockets;
int g_tcpTimeout;

struct DNSComboWriter {
  DNSComboWriter(const char* data, uint16_t len, const struct timeval& now) : d_mdp(data, len), d_now(now), d_tcp(false), d_socket(-1)
  {}
  MOADNSParser d_mdp;
  void setRemote(ComboAddress* sa)
  {
    d_remote=*sa;
  }

  void setSocket(int sock)
  {
    d_socket=sock;
  }

  string getRemote() const
  {
    return d_remote.toString();
  }

  struct timeval d_now;
  ComboAddress d_remote;
  bool d_tcp;
  int d_socket;
};


#ifndef WIN32
#ifndef __FreeBSD__
extern "C" {
  int sem_init(sem_t*, int, unsigned int){return 0;}
  int sem_wait(sem_t*){return 0;}
  int sem_trywait(sem_t*){return 0;}
  int sem_post(sem_t*){return 0;}
  int sem_getvalue(sem_t*, int*){return 0;}
  pthread_t pthread_self(void){return (pthread_t) 0;}
  int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex, const pthread_mutexattr_t *mutexattr){ return 0; }
  int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex){ return 0; }
  int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex) { return 0; }
  int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex) { return 0; }
}
#endif // __FreeBSD__
#endif // WIN32

ArgvMap &arg()
{
  static ArgvMap theArg;
  return theArg;
}

struct timeval g_now;
typedef vector<int> tcpserversocks_t;

MT_t* MT; // the big MTasker

void handleTCPClientWritable(int fd, boost::any& var);

// -1 is error, 0 is timeout, 1 is success
int asendtcp(const string& data, Socket* sock) 
{
  PacketID pident;
  pident.sock=sock;
  pident.outMSG=data;

  g_fdm->addWriteFD(sock->getHandle(), handleTCPClientWritable, pident);
  string packet;

  int ret=MT->waitEvent(pident,&packet,1);
  if(!ret || ret==-1) { // timeout
    g_fdm->removeWriteFD(sock->getHandle());
  }
  else if(packet.size() !=data.size()) { // main loop tells us what it sent out, or empty in case of an error
    return -1;
  }
  return ret;
}

void handleTCPClientReadable(int fd, boost::any& var);

// -1 is error, 0 is timeout, 1 is success
int arecvtcp(string& data, int len, Socket* sock) 
{
  data.clear();
  PacketID pident;
  pident.sock=sock;
  pident.inNeeded=len;
  g_fdm->addReadFD(sock->getHandle(), handleTCPClientReadable, pident);

  int ret=MT->waitEvent(pident,&data,1);
  if(!ret || ret==-1) { // timeout
    g_fdm->removeReadFD(sock->getHandle());
  }
  else if(data.empty()) {// error, EOF or other
    return -1;
  }

  return ret;
}

// returns -1 for errors which might go away, throws for ones that won't
int makeClientSocket(int family)
{
  int ret=(int)socket(family, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
  if(ret < 0 && errno==EMFILE) // this is not a catastrophic error
    return ret;

  if(ret<0) 
    throw AhuException("Making a socket for resolver: "+stringerror());

  static optional<ComboAddress> sin4;
  if(!sin4) {
    sin4=ComboAddress(::arg()["query-local-address"]);
  }
  static optional<ComboAddress> sin6;
  if(!sin6) {
    if(!::arg()["query-local-address6"].empty())
    sin6=ComboAddress(::arg()["query-local-address6"]);
  }

  int tries=10;
  while(--tries) {
    uint16_t port=1025+Utility::random()%64510;
    if(tries==1)  // fall back to kernel 'random'
        port=0;

    if(family==AF_INET) {
      sin4->sin4.sin_port = htons(port); 
      
      if (::bind(ret, (struct sockaddr *)&*sin4, sin4->getSocklen()) >= 0) 
        break;
    }
    else {
      sin6->sin6.sin6_port = htons(port); 
      
      if (::bind(ret, (struct sockaddr *)&*sin6, sin6->getSocklen()) >= 0) 
        break;
    }
  }
  if(!tries)
    throw AhuException("Resolver binding to local query client socket: "+stringerror());

  Utility::setNonBlocking(ret);
  return ret;
}

void handleUDPServerResponse(int fd, boost::any&);

// you can ask this class for a UDP socket to send a query from
// this socket is not yours, don't even think about deleting it
// but after you call 'returnSocket' on it, don't assume anything anymore
class UDPClientSocks
{
  unsigned int d_numsocks;
  unsigned int d_maxsocks;

public:
  UDPClientSocks() : d_numsocks(0), d_maxsocks(5000)
  {
  }

  typedef set<int> socks_t;
  socks_t d_socks;

  // returning -1 means: temporary OS error (ie, out of files)
  int getSocket(uint16_t family)
  {
    int fd=makeClientSocket(family);
    if(fd < 0) // temporary error - receive exception otherwise
      return -1;

    d_socks.insert(fd);
    d_numsocks++;
    return fd;
  }

  void returnSocket(int fd)
  {
    socks_t::iterator i=d_socks.find(fd);
    if(i==d_socks.end()) {
      throw AhuException("Trying to return a socket (fd="+lexical_cast<string>(fd)+") not in the pool");
    }
    returnSocket(i);
  }

  // return a socket to the pool, or simply erase it
  void returnSocket(socks_t::iterator& i)
  {
    if(i==d_socks.end()) {
      throw AhuException("Trying to return a socket not in the pool");
    }
    try {
      g_fdm->removeReadFD(*i);
    }
    catch(FDMultiplexerException& e) {
      // we sometimes return a socket that has not yet been assigned to g_fdm
    }
    Utility::closesocket(*i);
    
    d_socks.erase(i++);
    --d_numsocks;
  }
} g_udpclientsocks;


/* these two functions are used by LWRes */
// -2 is OS error, -1 is error that depends on the remote, > 0 is success
int asendto(const char *data, int len, int flags, 
            const ComboAddress& toaddr, uint16_t id, const string& domain, uint16_t qtype, int* fd) 
{

  PacketID pident;
  pident.domain = domain;
  pident.remote = toaddr;
  pident.type = qtype;

  // see if there is an existing outstanding request we can chain on to, using partial equivalence function
  pair<MT_t::waiters_t::iterator, MT_t::waiters_t::iterator> chain=MT->d_waiters.equal_range(pident, PacketIDBirthdayCompare());

  for(; chain.first != chain.second; chain.first++) {
    if(chain.first->key.fd > -1) { // don't chain onto existing chained waiter!
      //      cerr<<"Orig: "<<pident.domain<<", "<<pident.remote.toString()<<", id="<<id<<endl;
      // cerr<<"Had hit: "<< chain.first->key.domain<<", "<<chain.first->key.remote.toString()<<", id="<<chain.first->key.id
      // <<", count="<<chain.first->key.chain.size()<<", origfd: "<<chain.first->key.fd<<endl;
      
      chain.first->key.chain.insert(id); // we can chain
      *fd=-1;                            // gets used in waitEvent / sendEvent later on
      return 1;
    }
  }

  *fd=g_udpclientsocks.getSocket(toaddr.sin4.sin_family);
  if(*fd < 0)
    return -2;

  pident.fd=*fd;
  pident.id=id;
  
  int ret=connect(*fd, (struct sockaddr*)(&toaddr), toaddr.getSocklen());
  if(ret < 0) {
    g_udpclientsocks.returnSocket(*fd);
    if(errno==ENETUNREACH) // Seth "My Interfaces Are Like A Yo Yo" Arnold special
      return -2;
    return ret;
  }

  g_fdm->addReadFD(*fd, handleUDPServerResponse, pident);
  ret=send(*fd, data, len, 0);
  if(ret < 0)
    g_udpclientsocks.returnSocket(*fd);
  return ret;
}

// -1 is error, 0 is timeout, 1 is success
int arecvfrom(char *data, int len, int flags, const ComboAddress& fromaddr, int *d_len, 
              uint16_t id, const string& domain, uint16_t qtype, int fd, unsigned int now)
{
  static optional<unsigned int> nearMissLimit;
  if(!nearMissLimit) 
    nearMissLimit=::arg().asNum("spoof-nearmiss-max");

  PacketID pident;
  pident.fd=fd;
  pident.id=id;
  pident.domain=domain;
  pident.type = qtype;
  pident.remote=fromaddr;

  string packet;
  int ret=MT->waitEvent(pident, &packet, 1, now);

  if(ret > 0) {
    if(packet.empty()) // means "error"
      return -1; 

    *d_len=(int)packet.size();
    memcpy(data,packet.c_str(),min(len,*d_len));
    if(*nearMissLimit && pident.nearMisses > *nearMissLimit) {
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Too many ("<<pident.nearMisses<<" > "<<*nearMissLimit<<") bogus answers for '"<<domain<<"' from "<<fromaddr.toString()<<", assuming spoof attempt."<<endl;
      g_stats.spoofCount++;
      return -1;
    }
  }
  else {
    if(fd >= 0)
      g_udpclientsocks.returnSocket(fd);
  }
  return ret;
}

void setBuffer(int fd, int optname, uint32_t size)
{
  uint32_t psize=0;
  socklen_t len=sizeof(psize);
  
  if(!getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, optname, (char*)&psize, &len) && psize > size) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"Not decreasing socket buffer size from "<<psize<<" to "<<size<<endl;
    return; 
  }

  if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, optname, (char*)&size, sizeof(size)) < 0 )
    L<<Logger::Error<<"Warning: unable to raise socket buffer size to "<<size<<": "<<strerror(errno)<<endl;
}


static void setReceiveBuffer(int fd, uint32_t size)
{
  setBuffer(fd, SO_RCVBUF, size);
}

static void setSendBuffer(int fd, uint32_t size)
{
  setBuffer(fd, SO_SNDBUF, size);
}


static void writePid(void)
{
  string fname=::arg()["socket-dir"]+"/"+s_programname+".pid";
  ofstream of(fname.c_str());
  if(of)
    of<< Utility::getpid() <<endl;
  else
    L<<Logger::Error<<"Requested to write pid for "<<Utility::getpid()<<" to "<<fname<<" failed: "<<strerror(errno)<<endl;
}

void primeHints(void)
{
  // prime root cache
  set<DNSResourceRecord>nsset;

  if(::arg()["hint-file"].empty()) {
    static char*ips[]={"198.41.0.4", "192.228.79.201", "192.33.4.12", "128.8.10.90", "192.203.230.10", "192.5.5.241", "192.112.36.4", "128.63.2.53", 
                       "192.36.148.17","192.58.128.30", "193.0.14.129", "198.32.64.12", "202.12.27.33"};
    DNSResourceRecord arr, nsrr;
    arr.qtype=QType::A;
    arr.ttl=time(0)+3600000;
    nsrr.qtype=QType::NS;
    nsrr.ttl=time(0)+3600000;
    
    for(char c='a';c<='m';++c) {
      static char templ[40];
      strncpy(templ,"a.root-servers.net.", sizeof(templ) - 1);
      *templ=c;
      arr.qname=nsrr.content=templ;
      arr.content=ips[c-'a'];
      set<DNSResourceRecord> aset;
      aset.insert(arr);
      RC.replace(time(0), string(templ), QType(QType::A), aset, true); // auth, nuke it all
      
      nsset.insert(nsrr);
    }
  }
  else {
    ZoneParserTNG zpt(::arg()["hint-file"]);
    DNSResourceRecord rr;
    set<DNSResourceRecord> aset;

    while(zpt.get(rr)) {
      rr.ttl+=time(0);
      if(rr.qtype.getCode()==QType::A) {
        set<DNSResourceRecord> aset;
        aset.insert(rr);
        RC.replace(time(0), rr.qname, QType(QType::A), aset, true); // auth, etc see above
      }
      if(rr.qtype.getCode()==QType::NS) {
        rr.content=toLower(rr.content);
        nsset.insert(rr);
      }
    }
  }
  RC.replace(time(0),".", QType(QType::NS), nsset, true); // and stuff in the cache (auth)
}

map<ComboAddress, uint32_t> g_tcpClientCounts;

struct TCPConnection
{
  int fd;
  enum stateenum {BYTE0, BYTE1, GETQUESTION, DONE} state;
  int qlen;
  int bytesread;
  ComboAddress remote;
  char data[65535];
  time_t startTime;

  static void closeAndCleanup(int fd, const ComboAddress& remote) 
  {
    Utility::closesocket(fd);
    if(!g_tcpClientCounts[remote]--) 
      g_tcpClientCounts.erase(remote);
    s_currentConnections--;
  }
  void closeAndCleanup()
  {
    closeAndCleanup(fd, remote);
  }
  static unsigned int s_currentConnections; //!< total number of current TCP connections
};

unsigned int TCPConnection::s_currentConnections; 
void handleRunningTCPQuestion(int fd, boost::any& var);

void startDoResolve(void *p)
{
  DNSComboWriter* dc=(DNSComboWriter *)p;

  try {
    uint16_t maxudpsize=512;
    MOADNSParser::EDNSOpts edo;
    if(dc->d_mdp.getEDNSOpts(&edo)) {
      maxudpsize=edo.d_packetsize;
    }
    
    vector<DNSResourceRecord> ret;
    vector<uint8_t> packet;

    DNSPacketWriter pw(packet, dc->d_mdp.d_qname, dc->d_mdp.d_qtype, dc->d_mdp.d_qclass); 

    pw.getHeader()->aa=0;
    pw.getHeader()->ra=1;
    pw.getHeader()->qr=1;
    pw.getHeader()->id=dc->d_mdp.d_header.id;
    pw.getHeader()->rd=dc->d_mdp.d_header.rd;

    SyncRes sr(dc->d_now);
    if(!g_quiet)
      L<<Logger::Error<<"["<<MT->getTid()<<"] " << (dc->d_tcp ? "TCP " : "") << "question for '"<<dc->d_mdp.d_qname<<"|"
       <<DNSRecordContent::NumberToType(dc->d_mdp.d_qtype)<<"' from "<<dc->getRemote()<<endl;

    sr.setId(MT->getTid());
    if(!dc->d_mdp.d_header.rd)
      sr.setCacheOnly();

    int res=sr.beginResolve(dc->d_mdp.d_qname, QType(dc->d_mdp.d_qtype), dc->d_mdp.d_qclass, ret);

    if(res<0) {
      pw.getHeader()->rcode=RCode::ServFail;
      // no commit here, because no record
      g_stats.servFails++;
    }
    else {
      pw.getHeader()->rcode=res;
      switch(res) {
      case RCode::ServFail:
        g_stats.servFails++;
        break;
      case RCode::NXDomain:
        g_stats.nxDomains++;
        break;
      case RCode::NoError:
        g_stats.noErrors++;
        break;
      }
      
      if(ret.size()) {
        shuffle(ret);

        for(vector<DNSResourceRecord>::const_iterator i=ret.begin(); i!=ret.end(); ++i) {
          pw.startRecord(i->qname, i->qtype.getCode(), i->ttl, i->qclass, (DNSPacketWriter::Place)i->d_place); 
          
          if(i->qtype.getCode() == QType::A) { // blast out A record w/o doing whole dnswriter thing
            uint32_t ip=0;
            IpToU32(i->content, &ip);
            pw.xfr32BitInt(htonl(ip));
          } else {
            shared_ptr<DNSRecordContent> drc(DNSRecordContent::mastermake(i->qtype.getCode(), i->qclass, i->content)); 
            drc->toPacket(pw);
          }
          if(!dc->d_tcp && pw.size() > maxudpsize) {
            pw.rollback();
            if(i->d_place==DNSResourceRecord::ANSWER)  // only truncate if we actually omitted parts of the answer
              pw.getHeader()->tc=1;
            goto sendit; // need to jump over pw.commit
          }
        }

        pw.commit();
      }
    }
  sendit:;
    if(!dc->d_tcp) {
      sendto(dc->d_socket, (const char*)&*packet.begin(), packet.size(), 0, (struct sockaddr *)(&dc->d_remote), dc->d_remote.getSocklen());
    }
    else {
      char buf[2];
      buf[0]=packet.size()/256;
      buf[1]=packet.size()%256;

      Utility::iovec iov[2];

      iov[0].iov_base=(void*)buf;              iov[0].iov_len=2;
      iov[1].iov_base=(void*)&*packet.begin(); iov[1].iov_len = packet.size();

      int ret=Utility::writev(dc->d_socket, iov, 2);
      bool hadError=true;

      if(ret == 0) 
        L<<Logger::Error<<"EOF writing TCP answer to "<<dc->getRemote()<<endl;
      else if(ret < 0 )  
        L<<Logger::Error<<"Error writing TCP answer to "<<dc->getRemote()<<": "<< strerror(errno) <<endl;
      else if((unsigned int)ret != 2 + packet.size())
        L<<Logger::Error<<"Oops, partial answer sent to "<<dc->getRemote()<<" for "<<dc->d_mdp.d_qname<<" (size="<< (2 + packet.size()) <<", sent "<<ret<<")"<<endl;
      else
        hadError=false;
      
      // update tcp connection status, either by closing or moving to 'BYTE0'

      if(hadError) {
        g_fdm->removeReadFD(dc->d_socket);
        TCPConnection::closeAndCleanup(dc->d_socket, dc->d_remote);
      }
      else {
        TCPConnection tc;
        tc.fd=dc->d_socket;
        tc.state=TCPConnection::BYTE0;
        tc.remote=dc->d_remote;
        Utility::gettimeofday(&g_now, 0); // needs to be updated
        tc.startTime=g_now.tv_sec;
        g_fdm->addReadFD(tc.fd, handleRunningTCPQuestion, tc);
        g_fdm->setReadTTD(tc.fd, g_now, g_tcpTimeout);
      }
    }
    
    if(!g_quiet) {
      L<<Logger::Error<<"["<<MT->getTid()<<"] answer to "<<(dc->d_mdp.d_header.rd?"":"non-rd ")<<"question '"<<dc->d_mdp.d_qname<<"|"<<DNSRecordContent::NumberToType(dc->d_mdp.d_qtype);
      L<<"': "<<ntohs(pw.getHeader()->ancount)<<" answers, "<<ntohs(pw.getHeader()->arcount)<<" additional, took "<<sr.d_outqueries<<" packets, "<<
        sr.d_throttledqueries<<" throttled, "<<sr.d_timeouts<<" timeouts, "<<sr.d_tcpoutqueries<<" tcp connections, rcode="<<res<<endl;
    }

    sr.d_outqueries ? RC.cacheMisses++ : RC.cacheHits++; 
    float spent=makeFloat(sr.d_now-dc->d_now);
    if(spent < 0.001)
      g_stats.answers0_1++;
    else if(spent < 0.010)
      g_stats.answers1_10++;
    else if(spent < 0.1)
      g_stats.answers10_100++;
    else if(spent < 1.0)
      g_stats.answers100_1000++;
    else
      g_stats.answersSlow++;

    uint64_t newLat=(uint64_t)(spent*1000000);
    if(newLat < 1000000)  // outliers of several minutes exist..
      g_stats.avgLatencyUsec=(uint64_t)((1-0.0001)*g_stats.avgLatencyUsec + 0.0001*newLat);

    delete dc;
  }
  catch(AhuException &ae) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"startDoResolve problem: "<<ae.reason<<endl;
  }
  catch(MOADNSException& e) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"DNS parser error: "<<dc->d_mdp.d_qname<<", "<<e.what()<<endl;
  }
  catch(exception& e) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"STL error: "<<e.what()<<endl;
  }
  catch(...) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"Any other exception in a resolver context"<<endl;
  }
}

RecursorControlChannel s_rcc;

void makeControlChannelSocket()
{
  string sockname=::arg()["socket-dir"]+"/pdns_recursor.controlsocket";
  if(::arg().mustDo("fork")) {
    sockname+="."+lexical_cast<string>(Utility::getpid());
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"Forked control socket name: "<<sockname<<endl;
  }
  s_rcc.listen(sockname);
}

void handleRunningTCPQuestion(int fd, boost::any& var)
{
  TCPConnection* conn=any_cast<TCPConnection>(&var);

  if(conn->state==TCPConnection::BYTE0) {
    int bytes=recv(conn->fd, conn->data, 2, 0);
    if(bytes==1)
      conn->state=TCPConnection::BYTE1;
    if(bytes==2) { 
      conn->qlen=(((unsigned char)conn->data[0]) << 8)+ (unsigned char)conn->data[1];
      conn->bytesread=0;
      conn->state=TCPConnection::GETQUESTION;
    }
    if(!bytes || bytes < 0) {
      TCPConnection tmp(*conn); 
      g_fdm->removeReadFD(fd);
      tmp.closeAndCleanup();
      return;
    }
  }
  else if(conn->state==TCPConnection::BYTE1) {
    int bytes=recv(conn->fd, conn->data+1, 1, 0);
    if(bytes==1) {
      conn->state=TCPConnection::GETQUESTION;
      conn->qlen=(((unsigned char)conn->data[0]) << 8)+ (unsigned char)conn->data[1];
      conn->bytesread=0;
    }
    if(!bytes || bytes < 0) {
      if(g_logCommonErrors)
        L<<Logger::Error<<"TCP client "<< conn->remote.toString() <<" disconnected after first byte"<<endl;
      TCPConnection tmp(*conn); 
      g_fdm->removeReadFD(fd);
      tmp.closeAndCleanup();  // conn loses validity here..
      return;
    }
  }
  else if(conn->state==TCPConnection::GETQUESTION) {
    int bytes=recv(conn->fd, conn->data + conn->bytesread, conn->qlen - conn->bytesread, 0);
    if(!bytes || bytes < 0) {
      L<<Logger::Error<<"TCP client "<< conn->remote.toString() <<" disconnected while reading question body"<<endl;
      TCPConnection tmp(*conn);
      g_fdm->removeReadFD(fd);
      tmp.closeAndCleanup();  // conn loses validity here..

      return;
    }
    conn->bytesread+=bytes;
    if(conn->bytesread==conn->qlen) {
      TCPConnection tconn(*conn); 
      g_fdm->removeReadFD(fd); // should no longer awake ourselves when there is data to read

      DNSComboWriter* dc=0;
      try {
        dc=new DNSComboWriter(tconn.data, tconn.qlen, g_now);
      }
      catch(MOADNSException &mde) {
        g_stats.clientParseError++; 
        if(g_logCommonErrors)
          L<<Logger::Error<<"Unable to parse packet from TCP client "<< tconn.remote.toString() <<endl;
        tconn.closeAndCleanup();
        return;
      }
      
      dc->setSocket(tconn.fd);
      dc->d_tcp=true;
      dc->setRemote(&tconn.remote);
      if(dc->d_mdp.d_header.qr) {
        delete dc;
        L<<Logger::Error<<"Ignoring answer on server socket!"<<endl;
        tconn.closeAndCleanup();
        return;
      }
      else {
        ++g_stats.qcounter;
        ++g_stats.tcpqcounter;
        MT->makeThread(startDoResolve, dc); // deletes dc
        return;
      }
    }
  }
}

//! Handle new incoming TCP connection
void handleNewTCPQuestion(int fd, boost::any& )
{
  ComboAddress addr;
  socklen_t addrlen=sizeof(addr);
  int newsock=(int)accept(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, &addrlen);
  if(newsock>0) {
    g_stats.addRemote(addr);
    if(g_allowFrom && !g_allowFrom->match(&addr)) {
      if(!g_quiet) 
        L<<Logger::Error<<"["<<MT->getTid()<<"] dropping TCP query from "<<addr.toString()<<", address not matched by allow-from"<<endl;

      g_stats.unauthorizedTCP++;
      Utility::closesocket(newsock);
      return;
    }
    
    if(g_maxTCPPerClient && g_tcpClientCounts.count(addr) && g_tcpClientCounts[addr] >= g_maxTCPPerClient) {
      g_stats.tcpClientOverflow++;
      Utility::closesocket(newsock); // don't call TCPConnection::closeAndCleanup here - did not enter it in the counts yet!
      return;
    }
    g_tcpClientCounts[addr]++;
    Utility::setNonBlocking(newsock);
    TCPConnection tc;
    tc.fd=newsock;
    tc.state=TCPConnection::BYTE0;
    tc.remote=addr;
    tc.startTime=g_now.tv_sec;
    TCPConnection::s_currentConnections++;
    g_fdm->addReadFD(tc.fd, handleRunningTCPQuestion, tc);

    struct timeval now;
    Utility::gettimeofday(&now, 0);
    g_fdm->setReadTTD(tc.fd, now, g_tcpTimeout);
  }
}
 
void questionExpand(const char* packet, uint16_t len, char* qname, int maxlen, uint16_t& type)
{
  type=0;
  const unsigned char* end=(const unsigned char*)packet+len;
  unsigned char* lbegin=(unsigned char*)packet+12;
  unsigned char* pos=lbegin;
  unsigned char labellen;

  // 3www4ds9a2nl0
  char *dst=qname;
  char* lend=dst + maxlen;
  
  if(!*pos)
    *dst++='.';

  while((labellen=*pos++) && pos < end) { // "scan and copy"
    if(dst >= lend)
      throw runtime_error("Label length exceeded destination length");
    for(;labellen;--labellen)
      *dst++ = *pos++;
    *dst++='.';
  }
  *dst=0;

  if(pos + labellen + 2 <= end)  // is this correct XXX FIXME?
    type=(*pos)*256 + *(pos+1);


  //  cerr<<"Returning: '"<< string(tmp+1, pos) <<"'\n";
}

string questionExpand(const char* packet, uint16_t len, uint16_t& type)
{
  char tmp[512];
  questionExpand(packet, len, tmp, sizeof(tmp), type);
  return tmp;
}

void handleNewUDPQuestion(int fd, boost::any& var)
{
  int len;
  char data[1500];
  ComboAddress fromaddr;
  socklen_t addrlen=sizeof(fromaddr);
  uint64_t tsc1, tsc2;

  if((len=recvfrom(fd, data, sizeof(data), 0, (sockaddr *)&fromaddr, &addrlen)) >= 0) {
    RDTSC(tsc1);      
    g_stats.addRemote(fromaddr);

    if(g_allowFrom && !g_allowFrom->match(&fromaddr)) {
      if(!g_quiet) 
        L<<Logger::Error<<"["<<MT->getTid()<<"] dropping UDP query from "<<fromaddr.toString()<<", address not matched by allow-from"<<endl;

      g_stats.unauthorizedUDP++;
      return;
    }
    try {
      dnsheader* dh=(dnsheader*)data;
      
      if(dh->qr) {
        if(g_logCommonErrors)
          L<<Logger::Error<<"Ignoring answer from "<<fromaddr.toString()<<" on server socket!"<<endl;
      }
      else {
        ++g_stats.qcounter;
        uint16_t type;
        char qname[256];
        try {
           questionExpand(data, len, qname, sizeof(qname), type);  
        }
        catch(exception &e)
        {
           throw MOADNSException(e.what());
        }
        
        // must all be same length answers right now!
        if((type==QType::A || type==QType::AAAA) && dh->arcount==0 && dh->ancount==0 && dh->nscount ==0 && ntohs(dh->qdcount)==1 ) {
          char *record[10];
          uint16_t rlen[10];
          uint32_t ttd[10];
          int count;
          if((count=RC.getDirect(g_now.tv_sec, qname, QType(type), ttd, record, rlen))) { 
            if(len + count*(sizeof(dnsrecordheader) + 2 + rlen[0]) > 512)
              goto slow;

            random_shuffle(record, &record[count]);
            dh->qr=1;
            dh->ra=1;
            dh->ancount=ntohs(count);
            for(int n=0; n < count ; ++n) {
              memcpy(data+len, "\xc0\x0c", 2); // answer label pointer
              len+=2;
              struct dnsrecordheader drh;
              drh.d_type=htons(type);
              drh.d_class=htons(1);
              drh.d_ttl=htonl(ttd[n] - g_now.tv_sec);
              drh.d_clen=htons(rlen[n]);
              memcpy(data+len, &drh, sizeof(drh));
              len+=sizeof(drh);
              memcpy(data+len, record[n], rlen[n]);
              len+=rlen[n];
            }
            RDTSC(tsc2);            
            g_stats.shunted++;
            sendto(fd, data, len, 0, (struct sockaddr *)(&fromaddr), fromaddr.getSocklen());
//          cerr<<"shunted: " << (tsc2-tsc1) / 3000.0 << endl;
            return;
          }
        }
        else {
          if(type!=QType::A && type!=QType::AAAA)
            g_stats.noShuntWrongType++;
          else
            g_stats.noShuntWrongQuestion++;
        }
      slow:
        DNSComboWriter* dc = new DNSComboWriter(data, len, g_now);
        dc->setSocket(fd);
        dc->setRemote(&fromaddr);

        dc->d_tcp=false;

        MT->makeThread(startDoResolve, (void*) dc); // deletes dc
      }
    }
    catch(MOADNSException& mde) {
      g_stats.clientParseError++; 
      if(g_logCommonErrors)
        L<<Logger::Error<<"Unable to parse packet from remote UDP client "<<fromaddr.toString() <<": "<<mde.what()<<endl;
    }
  }
}

typedef vector<pair<int, function< void(int, any&) > > > deferredAdd_t;
deferredAdd_t deferredAdd;

void makeTCPServerSockets()
{
  int fd;
  vector<string>locals;
  stringtok(locals,::arg()["local-address"]," ,");

  if(locals.empty())
    throw AhuException("No local address specified");
  
  for(vector<string>::const_iterator i=locals.begin();i!=locals.end();++i) {
    ServiceTuple st;
    st.port=::arg().asNum("local-port");
    parseService(*i, st);
    
    ComboAddress sin;

    memset((char *)&sin,0, sizeof(sin));
    sin.sin4.sin_family = AF_INET;
    if(!IpToU32(st.host, (uint32_t*)&sin.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr)) {
      sin.sin6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
      if(Utility::inet_pton(AF_INET6, st.host.c_str(), &sin.sin6.sin6_addr) <= 0)
        throw AhuException("Unable to resolve local address for TCP server on '"+ st.host +"'"); 
    }

    fd=socket(sin.sin6.sin6_family, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
    if(fd<0) 
      throw AhuException("Making a TCP server socket for resolver: "+stringerror());

    int tmp=1;
    if(setsockopt(fd,SOL_SOCKET,SO_REUSEADDR,(char*)&tmp,sizeof tmp)<0) {
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Setsockopt failed for TCP listening socket"<<endl;
      exit(1);
    }
    
#ifdef TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT
    if(setsockopt(fd, SOL_TCP,TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT,(char*)&tmp,sizeof tmp) >= 0) {
      if(i==locals.begin())
        L<<Logger::Error<<"Enabled TCP data-ready filter for (slight) DoS protection"<<endl;
    }
#endif

    sin.sin4.sin_port = htons(st.port);
    int socklen=sin.sin4.sin_family==AF_INET ? sizeof(sin.sin4) : sizeof(sin.sin6);
    if (::bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, socklen )<0) 
      throw AhuException("Binding TCP server socket for "+ st.host +": "+stringerror());
    
    Utility::setNonBlocking(fd);
    setSendBuffer(fd, 65000);
    listen(fd, 128);
    deferredAdd.push_back(make_pair(fd, handleNewTCPQuestion));
    g_tcpListenSockets.push_back(fd);

    if(sin.sin4.sin_family == AF_INET) 
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Listening for TCP queries on "<< sin.toString() <<":"<<st.port<<endl;
    else
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Listening for TCP queries on ["<< sin.toString() <<"]:"<<st.port<<endl;
  }
}

void makeUDPServerSockets()
{
  vector<string>locals;
  stringtok(locals,::arg()["local-address"]," ,");

  if(locals.empty())
    throw AhuException("No local address specified");
  
  if(::arg()["local-address"]=="0.0.0.0") {
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"It is advised to bind to explicit addresses with the --local-address option"<<endl;
  }

  for(vector<string>::const_iterator i=locals.begin();i!=locals.end();++i) {
    ServiceTuple st;
    st.port=::arg().asNum("local-port");
    parseService(*i, st);

    ComboAddress sin;

    memset(&sin, 0, sizeof(sin));
    sin.sin4.sin_family = AF_INET;
    if(!IpToU32(st.host.c_str() , (uint32_t*)&sin.sin4.sin_addr.s_addr)) {
      sin.sin6.sin6_family = AF_INET6;
      if(Utility::inet_pton(AF_INET6, st.host.c_str(), &sin.sin6.sin6_addr) <= 0)
        throw AhuException("Unable to resolve local address for UDP server on '"+ st.host +"'"); 
    }
    
    int fd=socket(sin.sin4.sin_family, SOCK_DGRAM,0);
    if(fd < 0) {
      throw AhuException("Making a UDP server socket for resolver: "+netstringerror());
    }

    setReceiveBuffer(fd, 200000);
    sin.sin4.sin_port = htons(st.port);

    int socklen=sin.sin4.sin_family==AF_INET ? sizeof(sin.sin4) : sizeof(sin.sin6);
    if (::bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&sin, socklen)<0) 
      throw AhuException("Resolver binding to server socket on port "+ lexical_cast<string>(st.port) +" for "+ st.host+": "+stringerror());
    
    Utility::setNonBlocking(fd);
    //    g_fdm->addReadFD(fd, handleNewUDPQuestion);
    deferredAdd.push_back(make_pair(fd, handleNewUDPQuestion));

    if(sin.sin4.sin_family == AF_INET) 
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Listening for UDP queries on "<< sin.toString() <<":"<<st.port<<endl;
    else
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Listening for UDP queries on ["<< sin.toString() <<"]:"<<st.port<<endl;
  }
}


#ifndef WIN32
void daemonize(void)
{
  if(fork())
    exit(0); // bye bye
  
  setsid(); 

  int i=open("/dev/null",O_RDWR); /* open stdin */
  if(i < 0) 
    L<<Logger::Critical<<"Unable to open /dev/null: "<<stringerror()<<endl;
  else {
    dup2(i,0); /* stdin */
    dup2(i,1); /* stderr */
    dup2(i,2); /* stderr */
    close(i);
  }
}
#endif

uint64_t counter;
bool statsWanted;


void usr1Handler(int)
{
  statsWanted=true;
}



void usr2Handler(int)
{
  SyncRes::setLog(true);
  g_quiet=false;
  ::arg().set("quiet")="no";

}

void doStats(void)
{
  if(g_stats.qcounter && (RC.cacheHits + RC.cacheMisses) && SyncRes::s_queries && SyncRes::s_outqueries) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"stats: "<<g_stats.qcounter<<" questions, "<<RC.size()<<" cache entries, "<<SyncRes::s_negcache.size()<<" negative entries, "
     <<(int)((RC.cacheHits*100.0)/(RC.cacheHits+RC.cacheMisses))<<"% cache hits"<<endl;
    L<<Logger::Error<<"stats: throttle map: "<<SyncRes::s_throttle.size()<<", ns speeds: "
     <<SyncRes::s_nsSpeeds.size()<<endl; // ", bytes: "<<RC.bytes()<<endl;
    L<<Logger::Error<<"stats: outpacket/query ratio "<<(int)(SyncRes::s_outqueries*100.0/SyncRes::s_queries)<<"%";
    L<<Logger::Error<<", "<<(int)(SyncRes::s_throttledqueries*100.0/(SyncRes::s_outqueries+SyncRes::s_throttledqueries))<<"% throttled, "
     <<SyncRes::s_nodelegated<<" no-delegation drops"<<endl;
    L<<Logger::Error<<"stats: "<<SyncRes::s_tcpoutqueries<<" outgoing tcp connections, "<<MT->numProcesses()<<" queries running, "<<SyncRes::s_outgoingtimeouts<<" outgoing timeouts"<<endl;
  }
  else if(statsWanted) 
    L<<Logger::Error<<"stats: no stats yet!"<<endl;

  statsWanted=false;
}

static void houseKeeping(void *)
try
{
  static time_t last_stat, last_rootupdate, last_prune;
  struct timeval now;
  Utility::gettimeofday(&now, 0);

  if(now.tv_sec - last_prune > 300) { 
    DTime dt;
    dt.setTimeval(now);
    RC.doPrune();
    
    typedef SyncRes::negcache_t::nth_index<1>::type negcache_by_ttd_index_t;
    negcache_by_ttd_index_t& ttdindex=boost::multi_index::get<1>(SyncRes::s_negcache);

    negcache_by_ttd_index_t::iterator i=ttdindex.lower_bound(now.tv_sec);
    ttdindex.erase(ttdindex.begin(), i);

    time_t limit=now.tv_sec-300;
    for(SyncRes::nsspeeds_t::iterator i = SyncRes::s_nsSpeeds.begin() ; i!= SyncRes::s_nsSpeeds.end(); )
      if(i->second.stale(limit))
        SyncRes::s_nsSpeeds.erase(i++);
      else
        ++i;

    //   cerr<<"Pruned "<<pruned<<" records, left "<<SyncRes::s_negcache.size()<<"\n";
//    cout<<"Prune took "<<dt.udiff()<<"usec\n";
    last_prune=time(0);
  }
  if(now.tv_sec - last_stat>1800) { 
    doStats();
    last_stat=time(0);
  }
  if(now.tv_sec - last_rootupdate > 7200) {
    SyncRes sr(now);
    vector<DNSResourceRecord> ret;

    sr.setNoCache();
    int res=sr.beginResolve(".", QType(QType::NS), 1, ret);
    if(!res) {
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Refreshed . records"<<endl;
      last_rootupdate=now.tv_sec;
    }
    else
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Failed to update . records, RCODE="<<res<<endl;
  }
}
catch(AhuException& ae)
{
  L<<Logger::Error<<"Fatal error: "<<ae.reason<<endl;
  throw;
}
;


void handleRCC(int fd, boost::any& var)
{
  string remote;
  string msg=s_rcc.recv(&remote);
  RecursorControlParser rcp;
  RecursorControlParser::func_t* command;
  string answer=rcp.getAnswer(msg, &command);
  try {
    s_rcc.send(answer, &remote);
    command();
  }
  catch(exception& e) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"Error dealing with control socket request: "<<e.what()<<endl;
  }
  catch(AhuException& ae) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"Error dealing with control socket request: "<<ae.reason<<endl;
  }
}

void handleTCPClientReadable(int fd, boost::any& var)
{
  PacketID* pident=any_cast<PacketID>(&var);
  //  cerr<<"handleTCPClientReadable called for fd "<<fd<<", pident->inNeeded: "<<pident->inNeeded<<", "<<pident->sock->getHandle()<<endl;

  shared_array<char> buffer(new char[pident->inNeeded]);

  int ret=recv(fd, buffer.get(), pident->inNeeded,0);
  if(ret > 0) {
    pident->inMSG.append(&buffer[0], &buffer[ret]);
    pident->inNeeded-=ret;
    if(!pident->inNeeded) {
      //      cerr<<"Got entire load of "<<pident->inMSG.size()<<" bytes"<<endl;
      PacketID pid=*pident;
      string msg=pident->inMSG;
      
      g_fdm->removeReadFD(fd);
      MT->sendEvent(pid, &msg); 
    }
    else {
      //      cerr<<"Still have "<<pident->inNeeded<<" left to go"<<endl;
    }
  }
  else {
    PacketID tmp=*pident;
    g_fdm->removeReadFD(fd); // pident might now be invalid (it isn't, but still)
    string empty;
    MT->sendEvent(tmp, &empty); // this conveys error status
  }
}

void handleTCPClientWritable(int fd, boost::any& var)
{
  PacketID* pid=any_cast<PacketID>(&var);
  
  int ret=send(fd, pid->outMSG.c_str() + pid->outPos, pid->outMSG.size() - pid->outPos,0);
  if(ret > 0) {
    pid->outPos+=ret;
    if(pid->outPos==pid->outMSG.size()) {
      PacketID tmp=*pid;
      g_fdm->removeWriteFD(fd);
      MT->sendEvent(tmp, &tmp.outMSG);  // send back what we sent to convey everything is ok
    }
  }
  else {  // error or EOF
    PacketID tmp(*pid);
    g_fdm->removeWriteFD(fd);
    string sent;
    MT->sendEvent(tmp, &sent);         // we convey error status by sending empty string
  }
}

// resend event to everybody chained onto it
void doResends(MT_t::waiters_t::iterator& iter, PacketID resend, const string& content)
{
  if(iter->key.chain.empty())
    return;

  for(PacketID::chain_t::iterator i=iter->key.chain.begin(); i != iter->key.chain.end() ; ++i) {
    resend.fd=-1;
    resend.id=*i;
    MT->sendEvent(resend, &content);
    g_stats.chainResends++;
    //    cerr<<"\tResending "<<content.size()<<" bytes for fd="<<resend.fd<<" and id="<<resend.id<<": "<< res <<endl;
  }
}

void handleUDPServerResponse(int fd, boost::any& var)
{
  PacketID pid=any_cast<PacketID>(var);
  int len;
  char data[1500];
  ComboAddress fromaddr;
  socklen_t addrlen=sizeof(fromaddr);

  len=recvfrom(fd, data, sizeof(data), 0, (sockaddr *)&fromaddr, &addrlen);

  if(len < (int)sizeof(dnsheader)) {
    if(len < 0)
      ; //      cerr<<"Error on fd "<<fd<<": "<<stringerror()<<"\n";
    else {
      g_stats.serverParseError++; 
      if(g_logCommonErrors)
        L<<Logger::Error<<"Unable to parse packet from remote UDP server "<< sockAddrToString((struct sockaddr_in*) &fromaddr) <<
          ": packet smalller than DNS header"<<endl;
    }

    g_udpclientsocks.returnSocket(fd);
    string empty;

    MT_t::waiters_t::iterator iter=MT->d_waiters.find(pid);
    if(iter != MT->d_waiters.end()) 
      doResends(iter, pid, empty);
    
    MT->sendEvent(pid, &empty); // this denotes error (does lookup again.. at least L1 will be hot)
    return;
  }  

  dnsheader dh;
  memcpy(&dh, data, sizeof(dh));
  
  if(!dh.qdcount) // UPC, Nominum?
    return;
  
  if(dh.qr) {
    PacketID pident;
    pident.remote=fromaddr;
    pident.id=dh.id;
    pident.fd=fd;
    pident.domain=questionExpand(data, len, pident.type); // don't copy this from above - we need to do the actual read
    string packet;
    packet.assign(data, len);

    MT_t::waiters_t::iterator iter=MT->d_waiters.find(pident);
    if(iter != MT->d_waiters.end()) {
      doResends(iter, pident, packet);
    }

    if(!MT->sendEvent(pident, &packet)) {
//      if(g_logCommonErrors)
//        L<<Logger::Warning<<"Discarding unexpected packet from "<<fromaddr.toString()<<": "<<pident.type<<endl;
      g_stats.unexpectedCount++;
      
      for(MT_t::waiters_t::iterator mthread=MT->d_waiters.begin(); mthread!=MT->d_waiters.end(); ++mthread) {
        if(pident.fd==mthread->key.fd && mthread->key.remote==pident.remote &&  mthread->key.type == pident.type &&
           !Utility::strcasecmp(pident.domain.c_str(), mthread->key.domain.c_str())) {
          mthread->key.nearMisses++;
        }
      }
    }
    else if(fd >= 0)
      g_udpclientsocks.returnSocket(fd);
  }
  else
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"Ignoring question on outgoing socket from "<< sockAddrToString((struct sockaddr_in*) &fromaddr)  <<endl;
}

FDMultiplexer* getMultiplexer()
{
  FDMultiplexer* ret;
  for(FDMultiplexer::FDMultiplexermap_t::const_iterator i = FDMultiplexer::getMultiplexerMap().begin();
      i != FDMultiplexer::getMultiplexerMap().end(); ++i) {
    try {
      ret=i->second();
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Enabled '"<<ret->getName()<<"' multiplexer"<<endl;
      return ret;
    }
    catch(FDMultiplexerException &fe) {
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Non-fatal error initializing possible multiplexer ("<<fe.what()<<"), falling back"<<endl;
    }
    catch(...) {
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Non-fatal error initializing possible multiplexer"<<endl;
    }
  }
  L<<Logger::Error<<"No working multiplexer found!"<<endl;
  exit(1);
}

static void makeNameToIPZone(const string& hostname, const string& ip)
{
  SyncRes::AuthDomain ad;
  DNSResourceRecord rr;
  rr.qname=toCanonic("", hostname);
  rr.d_place=DNSResourceRecord::ANSWER;
  rr.ttl=86400;
  rr.qtype=QType::SOA;
  rr.content="localhost. root 1 604800 86400 2419200 604800";
  
  ad.d_records.insert(rr);

  rr.qtype=QType::NS;
  rr.content="localhost.";

  ad.d_records.insert(rr);
  
  rr.qtype=QType::A;
  rr.content=ip;
  ad.d_records.insert(rr);
  
  if(SyncRes::s_domainmap.count(rr.qname)) {
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"Hosts file will not overwrite zone '"<<rr.qname<<"' already loaded"<<endl;
  }
  else {
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"Inserting forward zone '"<<rr.qname<<"' based on hosts file"<<endl;
    SyncRes::s_domainmap[rr.qname]=ad;
  }
}

//! parts[0] must be an IP address, the rest must be host names
static void makeIPToNamesZone(const vector<string>& parts) 
{
  string address=parts[0];
  vector<string> ipparts;
  stringtok(ipparts, address,".");
  
  SyncRes::AuthDomain ad;
  DNSResourceRecord rr;
  for(int n=ipparts.size()-1; n>=0 ; --n) {
    rr.qname.append(ipparts[n]);
    rr.qname.append(1,'.');
  }
  rr.qname.append("in-addr.arpa.");

  rr.d_place=DNSResourceRecord::ANSWER;
  rr.ttl=86400;
  rr.qtype=QType::SOA;
  rr.content="localhost. root. 1 604800 86400 2419200 604800";
  
  ad.d_records.insert(rr);

  rr.qtype=QType::NS;
  rr.content="localhost.";

  ad.d_records.insert(rr);
  rr.qtype=QType::PTR;

  if(ipparts.size()==4)  // otherwise this is a partial zone
    for(unsigned int n=1; n < parts.size(); ++n) {
      rr.content=toCanonic("", parts[n]);
      ad.d_records.insert(rr);
    }

  if(SyncRes::s_domainmap.count(rr.qname)) {
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"Will not overwrite zone '"<<rr.qname<<"' already loaded"<<endl;
  }
  else {
    if(ipparts.size()==4)
      L<<Logger::Warning<<"Inserting reverse zone '"<<rr.qname<<"' based on hosts file"<<endl;
    SyncRes::s_domainmap[rr.qname]=ad;
  }
}


void parseAuthAndForwards();

string reloadAuthAndForwards()
{
  SyncRes::domainmap_t original=SyncRes::s_domainmap;
  
  try {
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"Reloading zones, purging data from cache"<<endl;
  
    for(SyncRes::domainmap_t::const_iterator i = SyncRes::s_domainmap.begin(); i != SyncRes::s_domainmap.end(); ++i) {
      for(SyncRes::AuthDomain::records_t::const_iterator j = i->second.d_records.begin(); j != i->second.d_records.end(); ++j) 
        RC.doWipeCache(j->qname);
    }

    string configname=::arg()["config-dir"]+"/recursor.conf";
    cleanSlashes(configname);
    
    if(!::arg().preParseFile(configname.c_str(), "forward-zones")) 
      L<<Logger::Warning<<"Unable to re-parse configuration file '"<<configname<<"'"<<endl;
    
    ::arg().preParseFile(configname.c_str(), "auth-zones");
    ::arg().preParseFile(configname.c_str(), "export-etc-hosts");
    ::arg().preParseFile(configname.c_str(), "serve-rfc1918");
    
    parseAuthAndForwards();
    
    // purge again - new zones need to blank out the cache
    for(SyncRes::domainmap_t::const_iterator i = SyncRes::s_domainmap.begin(); i != SyncRes::s_domainmap.end(); ++i) {
      for(SyncRes::AuthDomain::records_t::const_iterator j = i->second.d_records.begin(); j != i->second.d_records.end(); ++j) 
        RC.doWipeCache(j->qname);
    }

    // this is pretty blunt
    SyncRes::s_negcache.clear(); 
    return "ok\n";
  }
  catch(exception& e) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"Had error reloading zones, keeping original data: "<<e.what()<<endl;
  }
  catch(AhuException& ae) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"Encountered error reloading zones, keeping original data: "<<ae.reason<<endl;
  }
  catch(...) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"Encountered unknown error reloading zones, keeping original data"<<endl;
  }
  SyncRes::s_domainmap.swap(original);
  return "reloading failed, see log\n";
}

void parseAuthAndForwards()
{
  SyncRes::s_domainmap.clear(); // this makes us idempotent

  TXTRecordContent::report();

  typedef vector<string> parts_t;
  parts_t parts;  
  for(int n=0; n < 2 ; ++n ) {
    parts.clear();
    stringtok(parts, ::arg()[n ? "forward-zones" : "auth-zones"], ",\t\n\r");
    for(parts_t::const_iterator iter = parts.begin(); iter != parts.end(); ++iter) {
      SyncRes::AuthDomain ad;
      pair<string,string> headers=splitField(*iter, '=');
      trim(headers.first);
      trim(headers.second);
      headers.first=toCanonic("", headers.first);
      if(n==0) {
        L<<Logger::Error<<"Parsing authoritative data for zone '"<<headers.first<<"' from file '"<<headers.second<<"'"<<endl;
        ZoneParserTNG zpt(headers.second, headers.first);
        DNSResourceRecord rr;
        while(zpt.get(rr)) {
          try {
            string tmp=DNSRR2String(rr);
            rr=String2DNSRR(rr.qname, rr.qtype, tmp, 3600);
          }
          catch(exception &e) {
            throw AhuException("Error parsing record '"+rr.qname+"' of type "+rr.qtype.getName()+" in zone '"+headers.first+"' from file '"+headers.second+"': "+e.what());
          }
          catch(...) {
            throw AhuException("Error parsing record '"+rr.qname+"' of type "+rr.qtype.getName()+" in zone '"+headers.first+"' from file '"+headers.second+"'");
          }

          ad.d_records.insert(rr);

        }
      }
      else {
        L<<Logger::Error<<"Redirecting queries for zone '"<<headers.first<<"' to IP '"<<headers.second<<"'"<<endl;
        ad.d_server=headers.second;
      }
      
      SyncRes::s_domainmap[headers.first]=ad;
    }
  }
  
  if(::arg().mustDo("export-etc-hosts")) {
    string line;
    string fname;
    
    ifstream ifs("/etc/hosts");
    if(!ifs) {
      L<<Logger::Warning<<"Could not open /etc/hosts for reading"<<endl;
      return;
    }
    
    string::size_type pos;
    while(getline(ifs,line)) {
      pos=line.find('#');
      if(pos!=string::npos)
        line.resize(pos);
      trim(line);
      if(line.empty())
        continue;
      parts.clear();
      stringtok(parts, line, "\t\r\n ");
      if(parts[0].find(':')!=string::npos)
        continue;
      
      for(unsigned int n=1; n < parts.size(); ++n)
        makeNameToIPZone(parts[n], parts[0]);
      makeIPToNamesZone(parts);
    }
  }
  if(::arg().mustDo("serve-rfc1918")) {
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"Inserting rfc 1918 private space zones"<<endl;
    parts.clear();
    parts.push_back("127");
    makeIPToNamesZone(parts);
    parts[0]="10";
    makeIPToNamesZone(parts);

    parts[0]="192.168";
    makeIPToNamesZone(parts);
    for(int n=16; n < 32; n++) {
      parts[0]="172."+lexical_cast<string>(n);
      makeIPToNamesZone(parts);
    }
  }
}

int serviceMain(int argc, char*argv[])
{
  L.setName("pdns_recursor");

  L.setLoglevel((Logger::Urgency)(6)); // info and up

  if(!::arg()["logging-facility"].empty()) {
    boost::optional<int> val=logFacilityToLOG(::arg().asNum("logging-facility") );
    if(val)
      theL().setFacility(*val);
    else
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Unknown logging facility "<<::arg().asNum("logging-facility") <<endl;
  }

  L<<Logger::Warning<<"PowerDNS recursor "<<VERSION<<" (C) 2001-2006 PowerDNS.COM BV ("<<__DATE__", "__TIME__;
#ifdef __GNUC__
  L<<", gcc "__VERSION__;
#endif // add other compilers here
#ifdef _MSC_VER
  L<<", MSVC "<<_MSC_VER;
#endif
  L<<") starting up"<<endl;
  
  L<<Logger::Warning<<"PowerDNS comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. "
    "This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it "
    "according to the terms of the GPL version 2."<<endl;
  
  L<<Logger::Warning<<"Operating in "<<(sizeof(unsigned long)*8) <<" bits mode"<<endl;
  
  if(!::arg()["allow-from"].empty()) {
    g_allowFrom=new NetmaskGroup;
    vector<string> ips;
    stringtok(ips, ::arg()["allow-from"], ", ");
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"Only allowing queries from: ";
    for(vector<string>::const_iterator i = ips.begin(); i!= ips.end(); ++i) {
      g_allowFrom->addMask(*i);
      if(i!=ips.begin())
        L<<Logger::Warning<<", ";
      L<<Logger::Warning<<*i;
    }
    L<<Logger::Warning<<endl;
  }
  else if(::arg()["local-address"]!="127.0.0.1" && ::arg().asNum("local-port")==53)
    L<<Logger::Error<<"WARNING: Allowing queries from all IP addresses - this can be a security risk!"<<endl;
  
  if(!::arg()["dont-query"].empty()) {
    g_dontQuery=new NetmaskGroup;
    vector<string> ips;
    stringtok(ips, ::arg()["dont-query"], ", ");
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"Will not send queries to: ";
    for(vector<string>::const_iterator i = ips.begin(); i!= ips.end(); ++i) {
      g_dontQuery->addMask(*i);
      if(i!=ips.begin())
        L<<Logger::Warning<<", ";
      L<<Logger::Warning<<*i;
    }
    L<<Logger::Warning<<endl;
  }

  g_quiet=::arg().mustDo("quiet");
  if(::arg().mustDo("trace")) {
    SyncRes::setLog(true);
    ::arg().set("quiet")="no";
    g_quiet=false;
  }

  RC.d_followRFC2181=::arg().mustDo("auth-can-lower-ttl");
  
  if(!::arg()["query-local-address6"].empty()) {
    SyncRes::s_doIPv6=true;
    L<<Logger::Error<<"Enabling IPv6 transport for outgoing queries"<<endl;
  }
  
  SyncRes::s_maxnegttl=::arg().asNum("max-negative-ttl");
  SyncRes::s_serverID=::arg()["server-id"];
  if(SyncRes::s_serverID.empty()) {
    char tmp[128];
    gethostname(tmp, sizeof(tmp)-1);
    SyncRes::s_serverID=tmp;
  }
  
  
  parseAuthAndForwards();
  
  g_stats.remotes.resize(::arg().asNum("remotes-ringbuffer-entries"));
  if(!g_stats.remotes.empty())
    memset(&g_stats.remotes[0], 0, g_stats.remotes.size() * sizeof(RecursorStats::remotes_t::value_type));
  g_logCommonErrors=::arg().mustDo("log-common-errors");
  
  makeUDPServerSockets();
  makeTCPServerSockets();
  
#ifndef WIN32
  if(::arg().mustDo("fork")) {
    fork();
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"This is forked pid "<<getpid()<<endl;
  }
#endif
  
  MT=new MTasker<PacketID,string>(::arg().asNum("stack-size"));
  makeControlChannelSocket();        
  PacketID pident;
  primeHints();    
  L<<Logger::Warning<<"Done priming cache with root hints"<<endl;
#ifndef WIN32
  if(::arg().mustDo("daemon")) {
    L<<Logger::Warning<<"Calling daemonize, going to background"<<endl;
    L.toConsole(Logger::Critical);
    daemonize();
  }
  signal(SIGUSR1,usr1Handler);
  signal(SIGUSR2,usr2Handler);
  signal(SIGPIPE,SIG_IGN);
  writePid();
#endif
  g_fdm=getMultiplexer();
  
  for(deferredAdd_t::const_iterator i=deferredAdd.begin(); i!=deferredAdd.end(); ++i) 
    g_fdm->addReadFD(i->first, i->second);
  
  int newgid=0;
  if(!::arg()["setgid"].empty())
    newgid=Utility::makeGidNumeric(::arg()["setgid"]);
  int newuid=0;
  if(!::arg()["setuid"].empty())
    newuid=Utility::makeUidNumeric(::arg()["setuid"]);
  
#ifndef WIN32
  if (!::arg()["chroot"].empty()) {
    if (chroot(::arg()["chroot"].c_str())<0) {
      L<<Logger::Error<<"Unable to chroot to '"+::arg()["chroot"]+"': "<<strerror (errno)<<", exiting"<<endl;
      exit(1);
    }
  }
  
  Utility::dropPrivs(newuid, newgid);
  g_fdm->addReadFD(s_rcc.d_fd, handleRCC); // control channel
#endif 
  
  counter=0;
  unsigned int maxTcpClients=::arg().asNum("max-tcp-clients");
  g_tcpTimeout=::arg().asNum("client-tcp-timeout");
  
  g_maxTCPPerClient=::arg().asNum("max-tcp-per-client");
  
  
  bool listenOnTCP(true);
  
  for(;;) {
    while(MT->schedule(g_now.tv_sec)); // housekeeping, let threads do their thing
      
    if(!(counter%500)) {
      MT->makeThread(houseKeeping,0);
    }

    if(!(counter%55)) {
      typedef vector<pair<int, boost::any> > expired_t;
      expired_t expired=g_fdm->getTimeouts(g_now);
        
      for(expired_t::iterator i=expired.begin() ; i != expired.end(); ++i) {
        TCPConnection conn=any_cast<TCPConnection>(i->second);
        if(g_logCommonErrors)
          L<<Logger::Warning<<"Timeout from remote TCP client "<< conn.remote.toString() <<endl;
        g_fdm->removeReadFD(i->first);
        conn.closeAndCleanup();
      }
    }
      
    counter++;

    if(statsWanted) {
      doStats();
    }

    Utility::gettimeofday(&g_now, 0);
    g_fdm->run(&g_now);

    if(listenOnTCP) {
      if(TCPConnection::s_currentConnections > maxTcpClients) {  // shutdown
        for(g_tcpListenSockets_t::iterator i=g_tcpListenSockets.begin(); i != g_tcpListenSockets.end(); ++i)
          g_fdm->removeReadFD(*i);
        listenOnTCP=false;
      }
    }
    else {
      if(TCPConnection::s_currentConnections <= maxTcpClients) {  // reenable
        for(g_tcpListenSockets_t::iterator i=g_tcpListenSockets.begin(); i != g_tcpListenSockets.end(); ++i)
          g_fdm->addReadFD(*i, handleNewTCPQuestion);
        listenOnTCP=true;
      }
    }
  }
}
#ifdef WIN32
void doWindowsServiceArguments(RecursorService& recursor)
{
  if(::arg().mustDo( "register-service" )) {
    if ( !recursor.registerService( "The PowerDNS Recursor.", true )) {
      cerr << "Could not register service." << endl;
      exit( 99 );
    }
    
    exit( 0 );
  }

  if ( ::arg().mustDo( "unregister-service" )) {
    recursor.unregisterService();
    exit( 0 );
  }
}
#endif

int main(int argc, char **argv) 
{
  reportBasicTypes();

  int ret = EXIT_SUCCESS;
#ifdef WIN32
  RecursorService service;
  WSADATA wsaData;
  if(WSAStartup( MAKEWORD( 2, 2 ), &wsaData )) {
    cerr<<"Unable to initialize winsock\n";
    exit(1);
  }
#endif // WIN32

  try {
    Utility::srandom(time(0));
    ::arg().set("stack-size","stack size per mthread")="200000";
    ::arg().set("soa-minimum-ttl","Don't change")="0";
    ::arg().set("soa-serial-offset","Don't change")="0";
    ::arg().set("no-shuffle","Don't change")="off";
    ::arg().set("aaaa-additional-processing","turn on to do AAAA additional processing (slow)")="off";
    ::arg().set("local-port","port to listen on")="53";
    ::arg().set("local-address","IP addresses to listen on, separated by spaces or commas. Also accepts ports.")="127.0.0.1";
    ::arg().set("trace","if we should output heaps of logging")="off";
    ::arg().set("daemon","Operate as a daemon")="yes";
    ::arg().set("log-common-errors","If we should log rather common errors")="yes";
    ::arg().set("chroot","switch to chroot jail")="";
    ::arg().set("setgid","If set, change group id to this gid for more security")="";
    ::arg().set("setuid","If set, change user id to this uid for more security")="";
#ifdef WIN32
    ::arg().set("quiet","Suppress logging of questions and answers")="off";
    ::arg().setSwitch( "register-service", "Register the service" )= "no";
    ::arg().setSwitch( "unregister-service", "Unregister the service" )= "no";
    ::arg().setSwitch( "ntservice", "Run as service" )= "no";
    ::arg().setSwitch( "use-ntlog", "Use the NT logging facilities" )= "yes"; 
    ::arg().setSwitch( "use-logfile", "Use a log file" )= "no"; 
    ::arg().setSwitch( "logfile", "Filename of the log file" )= "recursor.log"; 
#else
    ::arg().set("quiet","Suppress logging of questions and answers")="";
    ::arg().set("logging-facility","Facility to log messages as. 0 corresponds to local0")="";
#endif
    ::arg().set("config-dir","Location of configuration directory (recursor.conf)")=SYSCONFDIR;
    ::arg().set("socket-dir","Where the controlsocket will live")=LOCALSTATEDIR;
    ::arg().set("delegation-only","Which domains we only accept delegations from")="";
    ::arg().set("query-local-address","Source IP address for sending queries")="0.0.0.0";
    ::arg().set("query-local-address6","Source IPv6 address for sending queries")="";
    ::arg().set("client-tcp-timeout","Timeout in seconds when talking to TCP clients")="2";
    ::arg().set("max-tcp-clients","Maximum number of simultaneous TCP clients")="128";
    ::arg().set("hint-file", "If set, load root hints from this file")="";
    ::arg().set("max-cache-entries", "If set, maximum number of entries in the main cache")="0";
    ::arg().set("max-negative-ttl", "maximum number of seconds to keep a negative cached entry in memory")="3600";
    ::arg().set("server-id", "Returned when queried for 'server.id' TXT, defaults to hostname")="";
    ::arg().set("remotes-ringbuffer-entries", "maximum number of packets to store statistics for")="0";
    ::arg().set("version-string", "string reported on version.pdns or version.bind")="PowerDNS Recursor "VERSION" $Id$";
    ::arg().set("allow-from", "If set, only allow these comma separated netmasks to recurse")="127.0.0.0/8, 10.0.0.0/8, 192.168.0.0/16, 172.16.0.0/12, ::1/128, fe80::/10";
    ::arg().set("dont-query", "If set, do not query these netmasks for DNS data")="127.0.0.0/8, 10.0.0.0/8, 192.168.0.0/16, 172.16.0.0/12, ::1/128, fe80::/10";
    ::arg().set("max-tcp-per-client", "If set, maximum number of TCP sessions per client (IP address)")="0";
    ::arg().set("fork", "If set, fork the daemon for possible double performance")="no";
    ::arg().set("spoof-nearmiss-max", "If non-zero, assume spoofing after this many near misses")="20";
    ::arg().set("single-socket", "If set, only use a single socket for outgoing queries")="off";
    ::arg().set("auth-zones", "Zones for which we have authoritative data, comma separated domain=file pairs ")="";
    ::arg().set("forward-zones", "Zones for which we forward queries, comma separated domain=ip pairs")="";
    ::arg().set("export-etc-hosts", "If we should serve up contents from /etc/hosts")="off";
    ::arg().set("serve-rfc1918", "If we should be authoritative for RFC 1918 private IP space")="";
    ::arg().set("auth-can-lower-ttl", "If we follow RFC 2181 to the letter, an authoritative server can lower the TTL of NS records")="off";
    ::arg().setSwitch( "ignore-rd-bit", "Assume each packet requires recursion, for compatability" )= "off"; 

    ::arg().setCmd("help","Provide a helpful message");
    ::arg().setCmd("config","Output blank configuration");
    L.toConsole(Logger::Info);
    ::arg().laxParse(argc,argv); // do a lax parse

    string configname=::arg()["config-dir"]+"/recursor.conf";
    cleanSlashes(configname);

    if(!::arg().file(configname.c_str())) 
      L<<Logger::Warning<<"Unable to parse configuration file '"<<configname<<"'"<<endl;

    ::arg().parse(argc,argv);

    ::arg().set("delegation-only")=toLower(::arg()["delegation-only"]);

    if(::arg().mustDo("help")) {
      cerr<<"syntax:"<<endl<<endl;
      cerr<<::arg().helpstring(::arg()["help"])<<endl;
      exit(99);
    }

    if(::arg().mustDo("config")) {
      cout<<::arg().configstring()<<endl;
      exit(0);
    }

#ifndef WIN32
    serviceMain(argc, argv);
#else
    doWindowsServiceArguments(service);
        L.toNTLog();
    RecursorService::instance()->start( argc, argv, ::arg().mustDo( "ntservice" )); 
#endif

  }
  catch(AhuException &ae) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"Exception: "<<ae.reason<<endl;
    ret=EXIT_FAILURE;
  }
  catch(exception &e) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"STL Exception: "<<e.what()<<endl;
    ret=EXIT_FAILURE;
  }
  catch(...) {
    L<<Logger::Error<<"any other exception in main: "<<endl;
    ret=EXIT_FAILURE;
  }
  
#ifdef WIN32
  WSACleanup();
#endif // WIN32

  return ret;
}